Troitskaya square appeared in front of the Peter and Paul fortress at the time when the construction of the city on the Neva was just beginning. The land around Trinity square hurry to take approximate of Peter the Great. Began to appear first luxury home. On the square itself and next to it was built the first Gostiny Dvor, the first pharmacy, the first post office and the first printing press, had arranged the first municipal market. Near Trinity square was the first commercial port of St. Petersburg and customs.

The Holy Trinity Church towered over the square, giving the name of the square, and subsequently to the bridge across the Neva River. The first wooden church of St. Petersburg in honor of the Holy Trinity (the day of the foundation of the city), designed by Domenico Trezzini, was laid in 1703 by personal order of Peter the Great.

Construction work lasted almost ten years, and the church was solemnly consecrated in July 1711. Soon the Holy Trinity Church was given the status of the main cathedral of the new Russian capital. It was in this temple that Peter I took the title of Russian emperor. In 1750, a wooden church was significantly damaged by the fire that was widespread at that time, and in 1756 a new stone church was erected in its place. Subsequently, the church was rebuilt several times.

In the first decades of the 18th century, Trinity Square was the administrative, commercial, and cultural center of St. Petersburg. The main government offices were located here - the Senate, the Synod and the collegiums. Later, Peter I decided to transfer the center of the new capital from the chaotically built-up City (today - Petrogradskiy) island to the still uninhabited Vasilievsky island, which could easily be turned into so important for Peter Amsterdam.