In 1709, on June 27, the day to honor Sampson the Hospitable coincided with a significant date for Russian military history: the Russian army achieved victory over the Swedish forces in the Battle of Poltava. Peter the Great laid the foundation for the church on Sampsonievsky Avenue as a monument to this and the Northern War other victorious battles, and it was strategically located on the Vyborg Road, as envisioned by the emperor.

The original wooden church, which was consecrated just a year after the battle, was reconstructed in stone between 1728 and 1740. Part of the funds for its construction came from Yaroslavl merchant Ivan Andreyevich Lapshin, though the architectural project author remains unknown.

The Sampsonievsky Cathedral complex comprises three blue-colored buildings: the church and bell tower (built in 1740) and a chapel (built in 1800). The latter is designed in the Elizabethan Baroque style. The square surrounding the cathedral was established on an ancient cemetery site. Since 1935, the church in honor of Sampson the Hospitable has been designated a protected architectural monument by the state.

In 1987, the church came under the patronage of the State Museum Complex of St. Isaac's Cathedral, which led to a restoration project that returned the building to its 18^th-century appearance. In 2017, the property was transferred from the state to the Russian Orthodox Church jurisdiction for 49 years.